Cyber Berkut is a pro-Russian hacktivist group that emerged in March 2014 during the Russian annexation of Crimea and the invasion of eastern Ukraine, initially engaging in distributed denial-of-service attacks, network intrusions, DNS hijacks, and data destruction against Ukrainian targets. After late 2014, the group shifted its focus to information operations, primarily through data leakages. It is assessed with high confidence to be managed by Russia-owned or Russia-controlled entities, or to be a front organization for Russian state-sponsored cyber activity linked to the GRU, providing plausible deniability for state operations. Cyber Berkut's primary motivation is political, aiming to disrupt Ukrainian government operations, delegitimize authorities, and undermine Ukraine's international standing, often fighting against perceived neo-fascism and neo-nationalism. The group distinguishes itself by using "tainted leaks," where stolen documents are manipulated before public release to

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